Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity of 96% Ethanol Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Bulbs with Arthritis Induction Adjuvant Method
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Submitted
9 February 2023
9 February 2023
Published
30 November 2023
30 November 2023
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Abstract
An autoimmune condition known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results in chronic joint inflammation. Side effects that occur during long-term RA treatment are dangerous. Therefore, many people prefer herbal medicines, estimated to have lower side effects; one such herb is bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) bulbs. This study aimed to determine the class of compounds and the effective dose of the 96% ethanol extract of E. bulbosa bulbs, which had an anti-RA effect in the Wistar strain with the Adjuvant Induced Arthritis (AIA) model. Eleutherine bulbosa bulb extract was macerated with 96% ethanol. In the tests with extract doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/KgBW and methylprednisolone 15 mg/KgBW, the induction used Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Treatment was provided from day eight through 21 of the test's 21-day duration. Phytochemical screening results contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The percentage inhibition of edema volume and joint thickness, respectively, extract doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/KgBW, and methylprednisolone 15 mg/KgBW were 27.9585%, 49.3446%, 53.3239%, and 58.4629%; as well as 64.9809%, 73.8022%, 74.1444%, and 74.1825%. After analyzing the results, it was determined that E. bulbosa bulb extracts in 96% ethanol can treat RA at effective 200 and 400 mg/KgBW (p-value <0.05).
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References
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13. Ashgarie G, Abebe A, Umer S. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) Leaves in Rodents. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023;15:63-79. doi:10.2147/jep.s396769
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16. Muthia R, Wati H, Jamaludin WB, Kartini, Setiawan F, Fikri M, et al. Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(1):73-80. doi:10.5530/pj.2021.13.11
17. Wati H, Muthia R, Setiawan F. IAI Conference: Acute Toxicity Study of The Ethanolic Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb in Wistar Rats. Pharm Educ. 2021;21(2):143-7. doi:10.46542/pe.2021.212.143147
18. Muthia R, Hidayatullah M, Hidayati R. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cawat Hanoman Stem (Bauhinia aculeata L.) using DPPH Method. Borneo J Pharm. 2020;3(1):15-21. doi:10.33084/bjop.v3i1.1245
19. Sutomo, Arnida, Yulistati FR, Normaidah, Pratama MRF. Pharmacognostic Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Methanol Extract from Indonesia. Bull Pharm Sci Assiut. 2022;45(2):655-65. doi:10.21608/bfsa.2022.271585
20. Ngibad K, Herawati D, Aisyah SD, Triarini LJ, Pratama MRF. Total Flavonoid, Total Phenolic contents and Antioxidant activity of Methanol and n-hexane extract from purple passion fruit peel. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023;16(3):1247-53. doi:10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00206
21. Gomes RP, Bressan E, da Silva TM, Gevaerd MdS, Tonussi CR, Domenech SC. Standardization of an experimental model suitable for studies on the effect of exercise on arthritis. Einstein. 2013;11(1):76-82. doi:10.1590/s1679-45082013000100014
22. Sharma H, Chauhan P, Singh S. Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract in experimental models. Integr Med Res. 2018;7(4):366-73. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2018.08.002
23. Campos L, Seixas L, Dias S, Peres AM, Veloso ACA, Henriques M. Effect of Extraction Method on the Bioactive Composition, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytotoxicity of Pomegranate By-Products. Foods. 2022;11(7):992. doi:10.3390/foods11070992
24. Al-Khayri JM, Sahana GR, Nagella P, Joseph BV, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ. Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2901. doi:10.3390/molecules27092901
25. Rudrapal M, Eltayeb WA, Rakhsit G, El-Arabey AA, Khan J, Aldosari SM, et al. Dual synergistic inhibition of COX and LOX by potential chemicals from Indian daily spices investigated through detailed computational studies. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8656. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35161-0
26. Pratama MRF. Perbandingan Afinitas Kurkumin-Enol dan Kurkumin-Keto terhadap COX-2. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Kesehatan. 2016;1(1):150-6.
27. Alshehri S, Alghamdi SA, Alghamdi AM, Imam SS, Mahdi WA, Almaniea MA, et al. Protective effect of fustin against adjuvant-induced arthritis through the restoration of proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. PeerJ. 2023;11:e15532. doi:10.7717/peerj.15532
28. Eroglu CN, Ataoglu H, Yildirim G, Kiresi D. Comparison of the efficacy of low doses of methylprednisolone, acetaminophen, and dexketoprofen trometamol on the swelling developed after the removal of impacted third molar. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;20(5):e627-32. doi:10.4317/medoral.20582
29. Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The Bioavailability of Drugs-The Current State of Knowledge. Molecules. 2023;28(24):8038. doi:10.3390/molecules28248038
30. Amirah S, Wati A, Putra B, Walani FA. Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) sebagai Antirheumatoid Artritis pada Tikus yang Diinduksi Complete Freund’s Adjuvants (CFA). J Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2020;6(1):77-83. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2020.v6.i1.14581
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2. World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2016 Disease burden by Cause, Age, Sex, and by Region, 2000-2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
3. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2013.
4. Negrei C, Bojinca V, Balanescu A, Bojinca M, Baconi D, et al. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: Impact and risks of various therapeutic approaches. Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(4):1177-83. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3045
5. Insanu M, Kusmardiyani S, Hartati R. Recent Studies on Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Effects of Eleutherine Americana Merr. Procedia Chem. 2014;13:221-8. doi:10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.032
6. Pratama MRF, Aziz IR. Molecular Docking of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa) Secondary Metabolites as Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitor. In: Harini S, Hafsan, Sahara, Aziz IR, Rahim R. Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Science and Technology, ICOST 2019, 2-3 May, Makassar, Indonesia. Gent: European Alliance for Innovation; 2019. doi:10.4108/eai.2-5-2019.2284686
7. Paramita S, Nuryanto MK. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill. Urb.)) Ethanol Bulb Extracts. Journal of Vocational Health Studies. 2019;2(2):51-55. doi:10.20473/jvhs.V2.I2.2018.51-55
8. Hardy RS, Slamet, Kamilla L. Uji Aktivitas Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americanaL. Merr) Terhadap Stabilitas membran Sel Darah Merah. J Lab Khatulistiwa. 2018;2(1):30-6. doi:10.30602/jlk.v2i1.324
9. Eriana. S. Efektivitas Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia) 40% Terhadap Sel Inflamasi Pulpa Gigi Tikus Wistar. Thesis. Makassar: Universitas Hasanuddin; 2018.
10. Hidayat A. Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr). Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Thesis. Purwokerto: Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto; 2016.
11. Kamarudin AA, Sayuti NH, Saad N, Ab Razak NA, Esa NM. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Bulb: Review of the Pharmacological Activities and Its Prospects for Application. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):6747. doi:10.3390/ijms22136747
12. Cores A, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants. 2023;12(7):1464. doi:10.3390/antiox12071464
13. Ashgarie G, Abebe A, Umer S. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) Leaves in Rodents. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023;15:63-79. doi:10.2147/jep.s396769
14. Bolon B, Stolina M, King C, Middleton S, Gasser J, Zack D, et al. Rodent preclinical models for developing novel antiarthritic molecules: comparative biology and preferred methods for evaluating efficacy. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:569068. doi:10.1155/2011/569068
15. Jayaprakasam R, Ravi TK. Evaluation of Anti Arthritic Activity of the Root Extract of Acalypha Indica Linn. Using In Vitro Techniques. Int J Phytopharm. 2012;2(6):169-73. doi:10.7439/ijpp.v2i6.36
16. Muthia R, Wati H, Jamaludin WB, Kartini, Setiawan F, Fikri M, et al. Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(1):73-80. doi:10.5530/pj.2021.13.11
17. Wati H, Muthia R, Setiawan F. IAI Conference: Acute Toxicity Study of The Ethanolic Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb in Wistar Rats. Pharm Educ. 2021;21(2):143-7. doi:10.46542/pe.2021.212.143147
18. Muthia R, Hidayatullah M, Hidayati R. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cawat Hanoman Stem (Bauhinia aculeata L.) using DPPH Method. Borneo J Pharm. 2020;3(1):15-21. doi:10.33084/bjop.v3i1.1245
19. Sutomo, Arnida, Yulistati FR, Normaidah, Pratama MRF. Pharmacognostic Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Methanol Extract from Indonesia. Bull Pharm Sci Assiut. 2022;45(2):655-65. doi:10.21608/bfsa.2022.271585
20. Ngibad K, Herawati D, Aisyah SD, Triarini LJ, Pratama MRF. Total Flavonoid, Total Phenolic contents and Antioxidant activity of Methanol and n-hexane extract from purple passion fruit peel. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023;16(3):1247-53. doi:10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00206
21. Gomes RP, Bressan E, da Silva TM, Gevaerd MdS, Tonussi CR, Domenech SC. Standardization of an experimental model suitable for studies on the effect of exercise on arthritis. Einstein. 2013;11(1):76-82. doi:10.1590/s1679-45082013000100014
22. Sharma H, Chauhan P, Singh S. Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract in experimental models. Integr Med Res. 2018;7(4):366-73. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2018.08.002
23. Campos L, Seixas L, Dias S, Peres AM, Veloso ACA, Henriques M. Effect of Extraction Method on the Bioactive Composition, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytotoxicity of Pomegranate By-Products. Foods. 2022;11(7):992. doi:10.3390/foods11070992
24. Al-Khayri JM, Sahana GR, Nagella P, Joseph BV, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ. Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2901. doi:10.3390/molecules27092901
25. Rudrapal M, Eltayeb WA, Rakhsit G, El-Arabey AA, Khan J, Aldosari SM, et al. Dual synergistic inhibition of COX and LOX by potential chemicals from Indian daily spices investigated through detailed computational studies. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8656. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35161-0
26. Pratama MRF. Perbandingan Afinitas Kurkumin-Enol dan Kurkumin-Keto terhadap COX-2. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Kesehatan. 2016;1(1):150-6.
27. Alshehri S, Alghamdi SA, Alghamdi AM, Imam SS, Mahdi WA, Almaniea MA, et al. Protective effect of fustin against adjuvant-induced arthritis through the restoration of proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. PeerJ. 2023;11:e15532. doi:10.7717/peerj.15532
28. Eroglu CN, Ataoglu H, Yildirim G, Kiresi D. Comparison of the efficacy of low doses of methylprednisolone, acetaminophen, and dexketoprofen trometamol on the swelling developed after the removal of impacted third molar. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;20(5):e627-32. doi:10.4317/medoral.20582
29. Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The Bioavailability of Drugs-The Current State of Knowledge. Molecules. 2023;28(24):8038. doi:10.3390/molecules28248038
30. Amirah S, Wati A, Putra B, Walani FA. Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) sebagai Antirheumatoid Artritis pada Tikus yang Diinduksi Complete Freund’s Adjuvants (CFA). J Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2020;6(1):77-83. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2020.v6.i1.14581
Authors
1.
Muthia R, Wati H, Jamaludin WB, Kartini K, Setiawan F, Zanirah GR. Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity of 96% Ethanol Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Bulbs with Arthritis Induction Adjuvant Method. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2023Nov.30 [cited 2025Apr.5];6(4):370-8. Available from: https://ojs.umpr.ac.id/bjop/article/view/4704
Copyright (c) 2023 Rahmi Muthia, Helmina Wati, Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin, Kartini Kartini, Finna Setiawan, Gina Rizki Zanirah
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